The Capital — Ominira

The Capital

Karl Marx

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The Capital

Table of Contents

Vol. 1 - The Process of Capitalist Production

Author’s Preface: First German Edition

Editor’s Preface: First English Translation

Part 1 - Commodities and Money

1. Commodities

I. The Two Factors of a Commodity: Use-Value and Value

II. The Two-fold Character of the Labour Embodied in Commodities

III. The Form of Value or Exchange-Value

IV. The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof

2. Exchange

3. Money, or the Circulation of Commodities

I. The Measure of Values

II. The Medium of Circulation

III. Money

Part 2 - Transformation of Money into Capital

4. The General Formula for Capital

5. Contradictions in the General Formula of Capital

6. The Buying and Selling of Labour-Power

Part 3 - The Production of Absolute Surplus-Value

7. The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus-Value

I. The Labour-Process or the Production of Use-Values

II. The Production of Surplus-Value

8. Constant Capital and Variable Capital

9. The Rate of Surplus-Value

I. The Degree of Exploitation of Labour-Power

II. The Representation of the Components of the Value of the Product

III. Senior’s “Last Hour”

IV. Surplus-Produce

10. The Working day

I. The Limits of the Working day

II. The Greed for Surplus-Labor, Manufacturer and Boyard

III. Branches of English Industry without Legal Limits to Exploitation

IV. Day and Night Work. The Relay System

V. Compulsory Laws for the Extension of the Working Day (Mid 14th- End 17th Century)

VI. Compulsory Limitation by Law of the Working-Time

VII. Reaction of the English Factory Acts on Other Countries

11. Rate and Mass of Surplus-Value

Part 4 - Production of Relative Surplus-Value

12. The Concept of Relative Surplus-Value

13. Co-operation

14. Division of Labour and Manufacture

I. Two-Fold Origin of Manufacture

II. The Detail Labourer and his Implements

III. The Two Fundamental Forms of Manufacture

IV. Division of Labour in Manufacture, and Division of Labour in Society

V. The Capitalistic Character of Manufacture

15. Machinery and Modern Industry

I. The Development of Machinery

II. The Value Transferred by Machinery to the Product

III. The Proximate Effects of Machinery on the Workman

IV. The Factory

V. The Strife between Workman and Machine

VI. The Theory of Compensation as Regards the Workpeople Displaced by Machinery

VII. Repulsion and Attraction of Workpeople by the Factory System

VIII. Revolution Effected in Manufacture, Handicrafts, and Domestic Industry

IX. The Factory Acts

X. Modern Industry and Agriculture

Part 5 - Production of Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value

16. Absolute and Relative Surplus-Value

17. Changes of Magnitude in the Price of Labour-Power and in Surplus-Value

I. Length of the Working day and Intensity of Labour Constant

II. Working Day Constant

III. Productiveness and Intensity of Labour Constant

IV. Simultaneous Variations in the Duration, Productiveness, and Intensity of Labour

18. Various Formula for the rate of Surplus-Value

Part 6 - Wages

19. The Transformation of the Value and Respective Price of Labour-Power into Wages

20. Time-Wages

21. Piece Wages

22. National Differences of Wages

Part 7 - The Accumulation of Capital

23. Simple Reproduction

24. Conversion of Surplus-Value into Capital

I. Capitalist Production on a Progressively Increasing Scale

II. Erroneous Conception

III. Separation of Surplus-Value into Capital and Revenue

IV. Circumstances that Determine the Amount of Accumulation

V. The So-Called Labour Fund

25. The General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

I. The Increased Demand for Labour Power that Accompanies Accumulation

II. Relative Diminution of the Variable Part of Capital

III. Progressive Production of a Relative Surplus Population or Industrial Reserve Army

IV. Different Forms of the Relative Surplus Population

V. Illustrations of the General Law of Capitalist Accumulation

Part 8 - Primitive Accumulation

26. The Secret of Primitive Accumulation

27. Expropriation of the Agricultural Population from the Land

28. Bloody Legislation against the Expropriated

29. Genesis of the Capitalist Farmer

30. Reaction of the Agricultural Revolution on Industry

31. The Genesis of the Industrial Capitalist

32. Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation

33. The Modern Theory of Colonisation

Footnotes

Vol. 2 - The Process of Circulation of Capital

Part 1 - The Metamorphoses of Capital and Their Cycles

1. The Circulation of Money-Capital

I. First Stage. M-C

II. Second Stage. Functions of Productive Capital

III. Third Stage. C'-M'

IV. The Rotation as a Whole

2. The Rotation of Productive Capital

I. Simple Reproduction

II. Accumulation and Reproduction on an Enlarged Scale

III. Accumulation of Money

IV. Reserve Funds

3. The Circulation of Commodity-Capital

4. The Three Diagrams of the Process of Circulation

5. The Time of Circulation

6. The Expenses of Circulation.

I. Genuine Expenses of Circulation.

II. Expenses of Storage.

III. Expenses of Transportation

Part 2 - The Turn-Over of Capital

7. The Period and Number of Turn-Overs

8. Fixed Capital and Circulating Capital

I. Distinctions of Form

II. Composition, Reproduction, Repair, and Accumulation of Fixed Capital

9. The Total Turn-Over of Advanced Capital

10. Theories of Fixed and Circulating Capital. The Physiocrats and Adam Smith

11. Theories of Fixed and Circulating Capital. Ricardo

12. The Working Period

13. The Time of Production

14. The Time of Circulation

15. Influence of the Time of Circulation on the Magnitude of an Advance of Capital

I. The Working Period Equal to the Period of Circulation

II. The Working Period Greater Than the Period of Circulation

III. The Working Period Smaller Than the Circulation Period

IV. Conclusions

V. The Effect of a Change of Prices

16. The Turn-Over of the Variable Capital

I. The Annual Rate of Surplus-Value

II. The Turn-Over of the Individual Variable Capital

III. The Turn-Over of the Variable Capital, Considered from the Point of View of Society

17. The Circulation of Surplus-Value

I. Simple Reproduction

II. Accumulation and Reproduction on an Enlarged Scale

Part 3 - The Reproduction and Circulation of the Aggregate Social Capital

18. Introduction

I. The Object of the Analysis

II. The Role of Money-Capital

19. Former Discussions of the Subject

I. The Physiocrats

II. Adam Smith

III. Smith Resolves Exchange-Value into V Plus S

IV. The Constant Portion of Capital.

V. Capital and Revenue in Adam Smith

VI. The Economists after Smith

20. Simple Reproduction.

I. The Formulation of the Question.

II. The Two Departments of Social Production

III. The Transactions between the Two Departments

IV. Necessities of Life and Articles of Luxury

V. The Promotion of the Transactions by the Circulation of Money

VI. The Constant Capital of Department I

VII. Variable Capital and Surplus-Value in Both Departments

VIII. The Constant Capital in both Departments

IX. A Retrospect on Adam Smith, Storch, and Ramsay

X. Variable Capital and Wages

XI. Reproduction of the Fixed Capital

XII. The Reproduction of the Money Supply

XIII. Destutt De Tracy's Theory of Reproduction

21. Accumulation and Reproduction on an Enlarged Scale

I. Accumulation in Department I

II. Accumulation in Department II

III. Diagrammatic Presentation of Accumulation

IV. Concluding Remarks

Endnotes

Footnotes

Vol. 3 - The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole

Part 1 - The Conversion Of Surplus-Value Into Profit And of the Rate Of Surplus-Value Into The Rate Of Profit.

1. Cost Price and Profit

2. The Rate of Profit

3. The Relation of the Rate of Profit to the Rate of Surplus-Value

4. The Effect of the Turn-Over on the Rate of Profit

5. Economies in the Employment of Constant Capital

I. General Economies.

II. Economies in the conditions of labor at the expense of the laborers.

III. Economies in the Generation of Power, Transmission of Power, and Buildings.

IV. Utilisation of the Excrements of Production.

V. Economies Due to Inventions.

6. The Effect of Fluctuations in Price

I. Fluctuations in the Price of Raw Materials, and their Direct Effects on the Rate of Profit.

II. Appreciation, Depreciation, Release, and Tie-up of Capital.

III. General Illustration. The Cotton Crisis of 1861-1865.

7. Additional Remarks

Part 2 - Conversion of Profit into Average Profit

8. Different Composition of Capitals

9. Average Rate of Profit and Transformation of the Values of Commodities into Prices Of Production

10. Market Prices and Market Values. Surplus-Profit

11. Effects of General Fluctuations of Wages on Prices of Production

12. Some After Remarks

I. Causes Implying a Variation of the Price of Production.

II. Price of Production of Commodities of Average Composition.

III. Fluctuations for which the Capitalist makes Allowance.

Part 3 - The Law of the Falling Tendency of the Rate of Profit

13. The Theory of the Law

14. Counteracting Causes

I. Raising the Intensity of Exploitation.

II. Depression of Wages Below their Value.

III. Cheapening of the Elements of Constant Capital.

IV. Relative Overpopulation.

V. Foreign Trade.

VI. The Increase of Stock Capital.

15. Unraveling the Internal Contradictions of the Law

I. General Remarks.

II. Conflict between the Expansion of Production and the Creation of Values.

III. Surplus of Capital and Surplus of Population.

IV. Supplementary Remarks.

Part 4 - Transformation of Commodity-Capital and Money-Capital into Commercial Capital and Financial Capital

16. Commercial Capital

17. Commercial Profit

18. The Turn-Over of Merchant's Capital

19. Financial Capital

20. Historical Data Concerning Merchants' Capital

Part 5 - Division of Profit into Interest and Profits of Enterprise

21. The Interest-Bearing Capital.

22. Division of Profit. Rate of Interest. Natural Rate of Interest

23. Interest and Profit of Enterprise

24. Externalisation of the Relations of Capital in the Form of Interest-Bearing Capital

25. Credit and Fictitious Capital

26. Accumulation of Money-Capital. Its Influence On The Rate Of Interest

27. The Role of Credit in Capitalist Production

28. The Medium of Circulation and Capital. Tooke's and Fullarton's Conception.

29. The Composition of Banking Capital.

30. Money-Capital and Actual Capital - I

31. Money-Capital and Actual Capital - II

32. Money-Capital and Actual Capital - III

33. The Currency under the Credit System.

34. The Currency Principle and the English Bank Laws of 1844.

35. Precious Metals and Rates Of Exchange.

I. The Movements of the Gold Reserve.

II. The Rate of Exchange.

III. Rate of Exchange with Asia.

IV. England's Balance of Trade.

36. Precapitalist Conditions.

Interest in the Middle Ages.

Advantage of the Prohibition of Interest for the Church.

Part 6 - Transformation of Surplus Profit into Ground-Rent

37. Preliminaries

38. Differential Rent

39. The First Form of Differential Rent

40. The Second Form of Differential Rent

41. First Case: Constant Price of Production

42. Second Case: Falling Price of Production

I. The Productivity of the Additional Investment of Capital Remains the Same.

II. The Rate of Productivity of the Additional Capitals Decreases.

III. The Rate of Productivity of the Additional Capitals Increases.

43. Third Case: Rising Price of Production

44. Differential Rent Even Upon the Worst Soil under Cultivation

45. Absolute Ground-Rent

46. Building Lot Rent. Mining Rent. Price of Land

47. Genesis of Capitalist Ground-Rent

I. Introductory Remarks.

II. Labor Rent.

III. Rent in Kind.

IV. Money Rent.

V. Share Farming (Metairie System) and Small Peasants' Property.

Part 7 - The Revenues and their Sources

48. The Trinitarian Formula

II.

III.

49. A Contribution to the Analysis of the Process of Production

50. The Semblance of Competition

51. Conditions of Distribution and Production

52. The Classes

Footnotes

Karl Marx

The Capital